Introduction
A thorough understanding of male reproductive physiology forms the foundation of andrology. The male reproductive system is a complex network of organs and hormonal pathways that function together to produce sperm, regulate sexual development, and maintain reproductive capacity throughout life.
Andrology provides the scientific framework for understanding normal male physiology and identifying pathological deviations that impair reproductive health.
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system consists of the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis. The testes serve as the primary reproductive organs, responsible for sperm production and testosterone synthesis. Accessory glands contribute fluids that support sperm viability and motility.
Proper coordination among these structures is essential for successful reproduction and sexual function.
Spermatogenesis and Hormonal Regulation
Spermatogenesis occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes and is regulated by hormones such as testosterone, erotic activity, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. This process requires optimal temperature regulation, adequate blood supply, and intact cellular signaling.
Disruptions in hormonal balance, blood flow, or testicular structure may result in impaired sperm production and reduced fertility.
Conclusion
Male reproductive physiology is central to andrology. Understanding these biological processes enables accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and improved outcomes in male reproductive health.